Parliamentary elections were held in

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...

from 28 November 2011 to 11 January 2012, following the

revolution In political science, a revolution (Latin: ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due ...

that ousted President

Hosni Mubarak Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak, (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in t ...

, after which the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) dissolved

Parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...

. However the dissolution was ruled unconstitutional and Parliament was reinstated. Originally, the elections had been scheduled to be held in September 2011, but were postponed amid concerns that established parties would gain undue advantage. The elections were proclaimed the first honest national elections of any sort held in Egypt since the overthrow of the monarchy in 1952. However, there were also complaints of irregularities and fraud. The main focus of the newly elected Parliament was to be the selection of the members of a

Constituent Assembly A constituent assembly (also known as a constitutional convention, constitutional congress, or constitutional assembly) is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a constitution. Members of a constituent assembly may be elected b ...

Background

In late 2010, a

parliamentary election A general election is a political voting election where generally all or most members of a given political body are chosen. These are usually held for a nation, state, or territory's primary legislative body, and are different from by-elections ( ...

was held, though it was followed by controversy and repression as well as accusations of

fraud In law, fraud is intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right. Fraud can violate civil law (e.g., a fraud victim may sue the fraud perpetrator to avoid the fraud or recover monetary compens ...

. Following similar events in

Tunisia ) , image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa , image_map2 = , capital = Tunis , largest_city = capital , ...

during the

Arab Spring The Arab Spring ( ar, الربيع العربي) was a series of Nonviolent resistance, anti-government protests, Rebellion, uprisings and Insurgency, armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in T ...

, Egyptian activists called for protesters to turn up in cities around Egypt on specific days. Though violence was reported at some points, protests were largely peaceful with the

army An army (from Old French ''armee'', itself derived from the Latin verb ''armāre'', meaning "to arm", and related to the Latin noun ''arma'', meaning "arms" or "weapons"), ground force or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on ...

staying quiet until 10 February 2011, when calls for

to resign were at their peak. The following day, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation from the presidency while turning power over to the military. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, headed by Field Marshal

Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Soliman ( ar, محمد حسين طنطاوي سليمان, ; 31 October 1935 – 21 September 2021) was an Egyptian field marshal and politician. He was the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces and, as chairman ...

, would lead the country for a transitional period until a civilian government took over. A

constitutional referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a ...

was then approved on 19 March that would ease the process of electing a president.

New electoral law

The election was conducted under a

parallel voting Parallel voting is a type of mixed electoral system in which representatives are voted into a single chamber using two or more different systems, most often first-past-the-post voting (FPTP) with party-list proportional representation (PR). It is ...

system. Two-thirds of seats were elected by

party-list An electoral list is a grouping of candidates for election, usually found in proportional or mixed electoral systems, but also in some plurality electoral systems. An electoral list can be registered by a political party (a party list) or can ...

proportional representation Proportional representation (PR) refers to a type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to geographical (e.g. states, regions) and political divis ...

. The remaining one-third were elected under a form of bloc voting in two-seat constituencies.

Choosing the system

Prior to the elections there were concerns that a change to the electoral system would be required, as the pre-existing system would have favoured the National Democratic Party, the party of Mubarak loyalists. The National Democratic Party was dissolved in April, however. The proposed draft law for the electoral system to be used was revealed on 30 May 2011; controversially, it retained bloc voting for two-thirds of the seats, with only one third of the seats elected by

(However, later it was changed as to two-thirds, 332 of MPs to be elected proportionally from lists). On 7 July 2011, the caretaker government approved the new electoral law. It outlined a new 50–50 division between proportional seats and constituency seats; the minimum age limit for candidates is also to be reduced from 30 to 25. On 21 July 2011, the

SCAF The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF; ar, المجلس الأعلى للقوات المسلحة, ', also Higher Council of the Armed Forces) is a statutory body of between 20 and 25 senior Egyptian military officers and is headed by ...

announced: * that the election (for both the People's Assembly and the Shura Council) would be held in three rounds in October, with 15-day intervals in-between; * that half the seats would be reserved for laborers and farmers; * that the women's quota introduced under Mubarak would be abolished. In late September 2011, again new division was announced, in which only one third of the seats would be elected by bloc voting in two-seat constituencies. However, constituency MPs could only be independents and not members of political parties; this restriction led to threats of boycotting the election by a wide swath of the political parties which intended to contest the election. The parties stated that their demands for a change in the electoral law would have to be met by 2 October, else they would boycott the election. After a meeting with political party leaders on 1 October 2011, the

agreed to allow party members to run for the directly elected seats, set a clearer timetable for the transition to civilian rule and possibly abolish military trials for civilians. On 11 November 2011, an administrative court in Mansoura ruled that former NDP members were not allowed to stand in the election as independent candidates. It was not immediately known whether this ruling would eventually apply to the whole country. On 14 November 2011, the Higher Administrative Court in Cairo overruled the decision and allowed the former NDP members to stand.

Voting process

The election to the People's Assembly took place on the following dates: * first stage: 28–29 November, run-off on 5–6 December; * second stage: 14–15 December, run-off on 21–22 December; * third stage: 3–4 January, run-off on 10–11 January. There are a total 508 seats in the Lower house: 498 seats are elected, and 10 seats appointed, in this case, by the

Military Council A military council is an approach to organization by a council with representatives from various bodies. The term "military council" applied to organisational groupings of senior ranking officers in the European armies of the 19th century during o ...

, and usually by the President. Under the

system used, out of 498 total seats, two-thirds, meaning 332, were elected by means of

party list An electoral list is a grouping of candidates for election, usually found in proportional or mixed electoral systems, but also in some plurality electoral systems. An electoral list can be registered by a political party (a party list) or can ...

. For these seats the public voted for parties or coalition-lists and the result was determined by the

largest remainder method The largest remainder method (also known as Hare–Niemeyer method, Hamilton method or as Vinton's method) is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems. It contrasts with various h ...

with a 0.5 percent threshold, in 46 districts. The remaining 166 seats were elected by bloc voting in two-seat constituencies, with the possibility of a run off. In the election voters each cast two votes, which could not be for the same individual. These seats were open to candidates running as individuals, who might not be affiliated to political parties, numbering two per each of the 83 districts. Out of these, the new parliament must have at least half "laborers" or "farmers", while the "professionals" should constitute at most half of the parliament. If the winner of one of the two seats that are allocated to a certain district, is a "professional", the second seat in the district shall be handed to a "laborer" or a "farmer". Run-offs are assigned to the individual candidates who did not receive over 50% of the votes in the first round. For a detailed explanation, see. Additional requirements for parties include listing at least one woman and adopting a specific visual symbol, as an alternative detection to help the illiterate voters. The same voting procedures shall apply to the upper house's election, too. The election for the upper house, the Shura Council ("the Consultative Council") are to follow on 29 January 2012, and will take place in 3 stages as well between 29 January and 22 February. (process was sped due to ongoing protests). Out of a total 270 seats in the Upper House: 180 seats are up for grabs and 90 seats shall be appointed after the presidential election, by the president-elect. Following these elections, the parliament shall select a committee that will draft a new constitution for Egypt. The new constitution shall than be submitted to a referendum. Only then will

presidential election A presidential election is the election of any head of state whose official title is President. Elections by country Albania The president of Albania is elected by the Assembly of Albania who are elected by the Albanian public. Chile The pre ...

be held, "no later than 30 June 2012" according to

Hussein Tantawi Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Soliman ( ar, محمد حسين طنطاوي سليمان, ; 31 October 1935 – 21 September 2021) was an Egyptian field marshal and politician. He was the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces and, as chairman ...

's statement. 2011-2012 Egyptian Parliamentary Election Phases

Parties

The

Muslim Brotherhood The Society of the Muslim Brothers ( ar, جماعة الإخوان المسلمين'' ''), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood ( ', is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan ...

announced on 15 February it would form the Freedom and Justice Party to run in the election. Together with 27 other parties representing diverse political families, the Freedom and Justice Party formed the

Democratic Alliance for Egypt Democratic Alliance for Egypt, or Democratic Alliance, was a coalition of political parties in Egypt, formed in the wake of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. The largest party in the group was the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party. Af ...

. After several defections and entries, the Freedom and Justice Party-dominated coalition settled on 11 parties. The FJP fielded the overwhelming majority of the candidates, and all the

joint candidates ran under the FJP label. As a reaction to this centre-right alliance, the different liberal democratic and centrist parties intensified cooperation. Five parties drafted a joint statement criticising the current electoral law and proposing a new one. On 16 August 15 political and social movements, some of which defected from the

, announced the

Egyptian Bloc The Egyptian Bloc ( ar, الكتلة المصرية, ') was an electoral alliance in Egypt. It was formed in August 2011 by several liberal, social democratic, and leftist political parties and movements, as well as the traditional Islamist Suf ...

electoral alliance. It consisted of liberal, secularist, and centre-left political parties, as well as social organizations and labour unions, and also the traditional Islamic Sufi Liberation Party. Its main objective was to prevent an imminent electoral victory of the

, and the Freedom and Justice Party. After suffering many defections, the remaining

parties were: the

Free Egyptians Party ) , founded = , headquarters = 2 Hassan Sabry Street Zamalek-Cairo , membership_year = 2011 , membership = 100,000 , ideology = Egyptian nationalismLiberalismSecularism , position = Centre to centre-right , national = , affiliation1_ti ...

, the

Egyptian Social Democratic Party The Egyptian Social Democratic Party ( ar-at, الحزب المصرى الديمقراطى الاجتماعى, al-Ḥizb al-Maṣrī al-Dimuqrāṭī al-Ijtmāʿī, ) is a Social liberalism, social liberal and a Social democracy, social democrati ...

and the

National Progressive Unionist Party The National Progressive Unionist Party ( ar-at, حزب التجمع الوطني التقدمي الوحدوي, Ḥizb al-Tagammu' al-Watani al-Taqadomi al-Wahdawi, commonly referred to as Tagammu) is a socialist political party in Egypt. Origi ...

(Tagammu). The

Socialist Popular Alliance Party The Socialist People's Alliance Party ( ar, حزب التحالف الشعبي الإشتراكي ''Hizb Al-Tahalof Al-Shaeby Al-Ishtiraky'', SPAP) is a leftist party in Egypt formed shortly after the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Its membership ...

and other parties defected from the

after it allowed Mubarak figures in its ranks; the Socialist Popular Alliance Party formed The Revolution Continues Alliance. The liberal

New Wafd Party The New Wafd Party ( ar, حزب الوفد الجديد, , New Delegation Party), officially the Egyptian Wafd Party and also known as the Al-Wafd Party, is a nationalist liberal party in Egypt. It is the extension of one of the oldest and his ...

announced on 13 June 2011 that it would contest the election in an alliance with the Freedom and Justice Party. The New Wafd later decided to abandon its alliance with the Islamists over discrepancies concerning the prospective constitution, and considered joining the new

liberal coalition instead. The New Wafd ended up running its own independent lists. The

Salafi The Salafi movement or Salafism () is a reform branch movement within Sunni Islam that originated during the nineteenth century. The name refers to advocacy of a return to the traditions of the "pious predecessors" (), the first three generat ...

Al-Nour Party ) , foundation = , newspaper = The New Light , headquarters = 601 Horrya Way, Zezenia, Alexandria , ideology = SalafismIslamismWahhabismMadkhalism , position = Far-right , colours = Blue, red, wh ...

withdrew from the

coalition due to disagreements with the Freedom and Justice Party over its share in the coalition's joint candidate lists. On 12 August, three Islamic

parties ( Nour, and two unregistered groups that later became the

Authenticity Party The Authenticity Party ( ar, حزب الأصالة, ''ḥizb el-asala'') is one of the political parties created in Egypt after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. It has an ultra-conservative Islamist Salafist ideology, which believes in implementi ...

and the Building and Development Party) announced that they would run a united candidate list. Their common list is officially called the "Alliance for Egypt", and is unofficially referred to as the " Islamist Bloc". The

fielded the overwhelming majority of the candidates, and all the Alliance for Egypt joint candidates are running under the

label. The

Al-Wasat Party The al-Wasat Party ( ar-at, حزب الوسط, Hizb al-Wasat), translated in English as the Center Party, is a moderate Islamist political party in Egypt. The party withdrew from the Anti-Coup Alliance on 28 August 2014. A court case was broug ...

, a moderate Islamic offshoot of the

, was officially approved as a party on 19 February, fifteen years after its foundation. After withdrawing from the

, it formed an electoral coalition with the Renaissance Party and the Pioneer Party, both of which were founded by former members of the

. The

fielded the overwhelming majority of the coalition candidates, all of which ran under the

label. Some analysts voiced concerns that former members of the ruling NDP might gain a lot of influence in the newly elected parliament. Among the parties identified to have had a strong base in former NDP members were: * the Egyptian Citizen Party, led by former NDP secretary-general

Mohamed Ragab Mohamed Ragab ( ar, محمد رجب; born 19 June 1990), is an Egyptian footballer who plays for Egyptian Premier League The Egyptian Premier League ( ar, الدوري المصري الممتاز), also known as WE Egyptian Premier League (WE E ...

(other former NDP members include

Hamdi El-Sayed Hamdi ( ar, حمدي) is a masculine Arabic given name and surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name * Hamdi Aslan (born 1967), Turkish footballer and coach * Hamdi Al Banbi (1935–2016), Egyptian engineer and politician * Hamdi B ...

Abdel Ahad Gamal El Din Abdel Ahad Gamal El-Din is an Egyptian academic and politician. Career He is a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Egypt. He is also Chairman of the Committee on International Humanitarian Law in the People's Assembly of Egypt, People's Assem ...

and

Nabil Louka Bibawi Nabīl or Nabeel ( ar, نبيل) is a male given name of Arabic origin, meaning " noble".Online translati ...

); * Egypt Revival Party (''Misr El-Nahda'')/

Union Party (Egypt) The Union Party ( ar, حزب الاتحاد, Hizb al-Ittihad) is an Egyptian political party made up of former members of the NDP. References 2011 establishments in Egypt Nationalist parties in Egypt Political parties established in 201 ...

(''Al-Etihad''), led by former NDP secretary-general

Hossam Badrawi Hossam Badrawi ( ar, حسام بدراوى) is an Egyptian physician and politician. Badrawi owns the Nile Badrawi Hospital in Cairo’s Maadi district. He is also the founder of the Union Party. Educational Background Hossam Badrawi graduated ...

; the party was officially registered under the second name on 20 September 2011; * the Freedom Party (''Horreya''), led by Mamdouh Ali Hassan, son of Mohamed Mahmoud (a large number of former NDP MPs joined this party); * the Nationalist Egypt Party, led by

Anwar Sadat Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat, (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 ...

's nephew, the late

Talaat Sadat Talaat Sadat ( ar, طلعت عصمت السادات; 26 February 1954 – 20 November 2011) was an Egyptian politician, lawyer and former political prisoner. He was the nephew of former Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and the brother of Mohamed ...

; last chairman of the NDP

Monitors

The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces announced that it would bar foreign monitors because of what it claimed was the preservation of Egyptian sovereignty. However, it would welcome foreign "Observers". Groups such as NDI, The Carter Center, the International Republican Institute and South African, Turkish, Polish and Danish groups have taken part. Alongside 300 foreign civil society representatives there are 25,000 accredited monitors and a lot more concerned citizens who have pledged to alert the organizers regarding any abuses they encounter. Additionally, many Egyptians have turned to citizen monitoring through social media such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, uploading cited violations or turnouts.

Opinion polls

Voter turnout

About 50 million people were eligible to vote out of a population in excess of 85 million – with candidates from 50 registered political parties. The overall voter turnout was 54%.

First phase

In the first phase of election, the voter turnout was 59%. ;First phase, 28–29 November Large crowds turned out at the polling stations for the first stage of the polls. Such a turnout prompted the election committee to extend the hours of polling by two hours to end at 21:00. A majority of the protesters in Tahrir square who had been at the sit-in after deadly clashes a week earlier, left their sit-in to join the polls before returning to Tahrir Square, although some boycotted the election. Even before the government gave the official figures, the FJP's observers estimated a turnout of about 30 to 32 percent, for the first day, in the 9 governorates that voted in the first phase, while in Cairo, turnout was reported at about 27 percent. An "exceptionally high turnout" was also reported in the governorate of Asyut, especially among women. On the second day of the first round, independent monitors placed the turnout at over 50 percent, while a spokesman for the military said that it could exceed 70 percent, maybe even reaching 80 percent. Abroad, turnout was around 60–70 percent according to the Egyptian foreign minister, and when reading the official results the head of the election committee stated that the overall turnout was 62%, "the highest number since the days of Pharaoh." ;First phase run-offs, 5–6 December The turnout was relatively low according to ''Al Jazeera'', one of the reasons was that the Egyptians were not given a day off as they were given on 28–29 November.

Second phase

;Second phase, 14–15 December Early reports on the voting turnout indicated a high turnout of long waiting lines, a repeat of the first PR phase voting day. The turnout for the first round was 65%. ;Second phase run-offs, 21–22 December Turnout for the run-offs of the second phase was 43%.

Third phase

Voter turnout was 62%.

Results

Many individual candidates did not receive the required 50% vote during the first phase, and therefore faced a run-off on 5 December. Even before the official results for each party or coalition-list were released, it was thought, by various international channels as well as leaks from people involved in the count, that the Freedom and Justice Party, led by the Muslim Brotherhood, was expected to receive around 40% of the vote and al-Nour would get between 15–30 percent. The Election Commission announced the participation of 62% of eligible voters, "the highest number since the days of Pharaoh". In the second phase of the election, many analysts predicted a similar result as that of the previous phase due to the more conservative, poor, and rural nature of the second phase electoral districts. State television reported the initial result, with the FJP in the lead and al-Nour following in second place. Toward the third phase it was clear that it would be a continuation of the Islamist trend that emerged from the two previous phases. After the third phase, on 21 January 2012, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces appointed the remaining 10 MPs.

Combined results

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FPTP In a first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP or FPP), formally called single-member plurality voting (SMP) when used in single-member districts or informally choose-one voting in contrast to ranked voting, or score voting, voters cast their ...

Seats ! style="text-align:center;", Total Seats ! style="text-align:center;", Component Parties , - , style="background-color:" width=1, , style="text-align:left;" ,

(led by the Freedom and Justice Party) , style="text-align:left;" , Nationalist-

reformist Reformism is a political doctrine advocating the reform of an existing system or institution instead of its abolition and replacement. Within the socialist movement, reformism is the view that gradual changes through existing institutions can eve ...

, 10,138,134 , 37.5 , 127 , 108 , 235 , style="text-align:left;" , Freedom & Justice Party: 213
Dignity Party: 6

Ghad El-Thawra Party Ghad El-Thawra Party ( ar, حزب غد الثورة '; "Revolution's Tomorrow Party"), is an Egyptian political party that was approved on 9 October 2011. Headed by Ayman Nour, it was a split of the El-Ghad Party. Nevertheless, the "Revolution's ...

: 2

Civilization Party The Egypt Civilization Party, or El-Hadara, is a small, secular, liberal political party established in Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country s ...

: 2

Islamic Labour Party The Islamic Labor Party ( fa, حزب اسلامی کار, Hezb-e Eslâmi-ye Kâr) is a reformist party in Iran and splinter group to the trade union Worker House. A supporter of Mohammad Khatami’s reform program, it is reportedly based on a p ...

: 1

Egyptian Arab Socialist Party The Egypt Arab Socialist Party ( ar, حزب مصر العربي الاشتراكي , rtl=yes ) is a political party in Egypt. History and profile The party was established in 1976 and its head was Mamdouh Salem. He served as the prime minister o ...

: 1

Egyptian Reform Party The Egyptian Reform Party ( ar, حزب الإصلاح) is a Salafi political party. The party is made up mostly of young Salafis. A spokesperson for the party, named Essam Abdel Baset, has stated that the party will rely on scholars from Al Az ...

: 1
Affiliated Independents 9 , - , style="background-color:" width=1, , style="text-align:left;" , Islamist Bloc
(led by

) , style="text-align:left;" , Islamist -

, 7,534,266 , 27.8 , 96 , 25
or 27 , 121
or 123 , style="text-align:left;" ,

: 107
Building & Development Party: 13

: 3 , - , style="background-color:" width=1, , style="text-align:left;" ,

, style="text-align:left;" , National-liberal , 2,480,391 , 9.2 , 37 , 4 , 41 , , - , style="background-color:" width=1, , style="text-align:left;" ,

, style="text-align:left;" ,

Centre-left Centre-left politics lean to the left on the left–right political spectrum but are closer to the centre than other left-wing politics. Those on the centre-left believe in working within the established systems to improve social justice. The c ...

Secular Secularity, also the secular or secularness (from Latin ''saeculum'', "worldly" or "of a generation"), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion. Anything that does not have an explicit reference to religion, either negativ ...

, 2,402,238 , 8.9 , 33 , 2
or 1 , 35
or 34 , style="text-align:left;" ,

Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties Fo ...

: 16

: 15

Progressive Unionist Party The Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) is a minor unionist political party in Northern Ireland. It was formed from the Independent Unionist Group operating in the Shankill area of Belfast, becoming the PUP in 1979. Linked to the Ulster Volunte ...

: 4 , - , style="background-color:" width=1, , style="text-align:left;" ,

, style="text-align:left;" , Moderate Islamist , 989,003 , 3.7 , 10 , 0 , 10 , , - , style="background-color:" width=1, , style="text-align:left;" , The Revolution Continues Alliance , style="text-align:left;" ,

Leftist Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy. Left-wing politics typically involve a concern for those in soci ...

, 745,863 , 2.8 , 7 , 2 , 9 , style="text-align:left;" ,

: 7

Freedom Egypt Party The Egypt of Freedom Party (; transliterated: ''Hizb Masr Alhureyya'') is a political party in Egypt which was founded on 18 May 2011 by Amr Hamzawy and a group of Egyptian youth after the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 The 2011 Egyptian revo ...

: 1
Equality & Development Party: 1 , - , style="background-color:" width=1, , style="text-align:left;" , Reform and Development Party , style="text-align:left;" ,

Liberal Liberal or liberalism may refer to: Politics * a supporter of liberalism ** Liberalism by country * an adherent of a Liberal Party * Liberalism (international relations) * Sexually liberal feminism * Social liberalism Arts, entertainment and m ...

, 604,415 , 2.2 , 8 , 1 , 9 , , - , style="background:Orange; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" , Freedom Party , style="text-align:left;" ,

NDP NDP may stand for: Computing * Neighbor Discovery Protocol, an Internet protocol * Nortel Discovery Protocol, a layer two Internet protocol, also called SONMP * Nondeterministic programming, a type of computer language Government * National ...

offshoot , 514,029 , 1.9 , 4 , 0 , 4 , , - , style="background:Yellow; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" , National Party of Egypt , style="text-align:left;" , NDP offshoot , 425,021 , 1.6 , 4 , 1 , 5 , , - , style="background:#999999; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" , Egyptian Citizen Party , style="text-align:left;" , NDP offshoot , 235,395 , 0.9 , 3 , 1 , 4 , , - , style="background:#B6B6B6; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" , Union Party , style="text-align:left;" , NDP offshoot , 141,382 , 0.5 , 2 , 0 , 2 , , - , style="background:#999999; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" ,

Conservative Party The Conservative Party is a name used by many political parties around the world. These political parties are generally right-wing though their exact ideologies can range from center-right to far-right. Political parties called The Conservative P ...

, style="text-align:left;" , NDP offshoot , 272,910 , 1.0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , , - , style="background:#CCCCCC; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" ,

Democratic Peace Party The Democratic Peace Party ( ar, حزب السلام الديمقراطي) is a small Egyptian political party that was formed in 2005. According to its chairman on Al-Faraeen TV (Parliament and parties program) he stated that there are about on ...

, style="text-align:left;" , NDP offshoot , 248,281 , 0.9 , 1 , 0 , 1 , , - , style="background:black; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" , Justice Party , style="text-align:left;" ,

Centrist Centrism is a political outlook or position involving acceptance or support of a balance of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy while opposing political changes that would result in a significant shift of society strongly to the l ...

secular Secularity, also the secular or secularness (from Latin ''saeculum'', "worldly" or "of a generation"), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion. Anything that does not have an explicit reference to religion, either negativ ...

, 184,553 , 0.7 , 0 , 1 , 1 , , - , style="background:#B6B6B6; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" , Arab Egyptian Unity Party , style="text-align:left;" , NDP offshoot , 149,253 , 0.6 , 1 , 0 , 1 , , - , style="background:#B6B6B6; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" ,

Nasserist Party The Arab Democratic Nasserist Party ( ar, الحزب العربي الديمقراطي الناصري, al-Hizb al-'Arabi al-Dimuqrati al-Nasseri) is a Nasserist political party in Egypt, styling itself as the ideological successor of the old Arab ...

, style="text-align:left;" ,

Nasserist Nasserism ( ) is an Arab nationalist and Arab socialist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and Egypt's second President. Spanning the domestic a ...

, , , 1 , 0 , 1 , , - , style="background:white; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" , Independents , style="text-align:left;" , Independents , - , - , - , 21 , 21 , , - , style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" , Total elected , style="text-align:left;" , elected MPs , 27,065,135 , 100.00 , 332 , 166 , 498 , , - , style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" , SCAF appointees , style="text-align:left;" , non-elected MPs , - , - , - , - , 10 , , - , style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;" , Total , style="text-align:left;" , MPs , - , - , - , - , 508 , , - , colspan=9 , Sources:

Ahram Online ''Al-Ahram'' ( ar, الأهرام; ''The Pyramids''), founded on 5 August 1875, is the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspaper, and the second oldest after '' al-Waqa'i`al-Masriya'' (''The Egyptian Events'', founded 1828). It is majori ...

, ''

Al-Masry Al-Youm ''Al-Masry Al-Youm'' ( ar, المصري اليوم ', , meaning ''The Egyptian Today'') is an Egyptian privately owned Daily paper, daily newspaper that was first published in June 2004. It is published in Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic as is it ...

'', ''

Al-Ahram ''Al-Ahram'' ( ar, الأهرام; ''The Pyramids''), founded on 5 August 1875, is the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspaper, and the second oldest after '' al-Waqa'i`al-Masriya'' (''The Egyptian Events'', founded 1828). It is majori ...

First phase

*On 4 and 6 December, the result from the first phase of the proportional representation was released. Although PR seats are assigned per district, party lists must pass a national threshold of 0.5% to be eligible to get seats on the district level. The Egyptian authorities did release seat allocation for the constituency ( bloc voting) seats. The number of PR seats shown in this table are unofficial calculations from

Jadaliyya ''Jadaliyya'' ("dialectic") is an independent ezine founded in 2010 by the Arab Studies Institute (ASI) to cover the Arab World and the broader Middle East. It publishes articles in Arabic, French, English and Turkish, and is run primarily on a ...

using the

. Unofficial results are italicised: , - style="background:#e9e9e9;" !class="unsortable", ! style="text-align:center;", Party ! style="text-align:center;", Ideology ! style="text-align:center;", PR Votes ! style="text-align:center;", PR Vote % ! style="text-align:center;", PR Seats³ ! style="text-align:center;",

Seats⁴ ! style="text-align:center;", Total Seats ! style="text-align:center;", Seat , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , align=left ,

Freedom and Justice Freedom and Justice ( lt, Laisvė ir Teisingumas, LT), known until 6 June 2020 as the Lithuanian Freedom Union (Liberals) ( lt, Lietuvos Laisvės Sąjunga (Liberalai)), is a conservative liberal political party in Lithuania. It holds soft euro ...

¹ , align="left",

Islamist , 3,565,092 , 36.6 , ''40'' , 33 , 73 , 49% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , style="text-align:left;",

Al-Nour Al-Nour ( ar, النور; ''The Light'') is a radio station based in Beirut, Lebanon. The station was established on 9 May 1988 and is owned by Hezbollah. In July 2006, during the 2006 Lebanon War, Israel attacked Hezbollah's TV station Al- ...

² , align="left" ,

Islamist , 2,371,713 , 24.4 , ''26'' , 4 , 30 , 20% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" , Liberal democrats , 1,299,819 , 13.4 , ''13'' , 2 , 15 , 10% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", New Wafd , align="left" , National liberals , 690,077 , 7.1 , ''10'' , 1 , 11 , 7% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , style="text-align:left;", Al-Wasat , align="left" , Moderate Islamic/Liberal Democratic , 415,590 , 4.3 , ''4'' , 0 , 4 , 3% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Revolution Continues , align="left" ,

Leftists Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy. Left-wing politics typically involve a concern for those in soci ...

, 335,947 , 3.5 , ''4'' , 2 , 6 , 4% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1, , style="text-align:left;", Reform and Development , align="left" , Liberals , 185,138 , 1.9 , ''2'' , 0 , 2 , 1% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:Yellow; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", National Party of Egypt , align="left" , Former

Members , 153,429 , 1.6 , ''1'' , 1 , 2 , 1% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:Orange; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

Freedom Freedom is understood as either having the ability to act or change without constraint or to possess the power and resources to fulfill one's purposes unhindered. Freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy in the sense of "giving on ...

, align="left" , Former

Members , 136,784 , 1.4 , ''1'' , 0 , 1 , <1% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:Black; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

Justice Justice, in its broadest sense, is the principle that people receive that which they deserve, with the interpretation of what then constitutes "deserving" being impacted upon by numerous fields, with many differing viewpoints and perspective ...

, align="left" ,

Centrists Centrism is a political outlook or position involving acceptance or support of a balance of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy while opposing political changes that would result in a significant shift of society strongly to Left-w ...

, 76,769 , 0.8 , ''0'' , 1 , 1 , <1% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

Conservative Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization i ...

, align="left" ,

Conservatives Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...

, 76,743 , 0.8 , ''0'' , 0 , 0 , 0% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Egyptian Citizen , align="left" , Former

Members , 67,602 , 0.7 , ''1'' , 1 , 2 , 1% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" ,

Liberal Democracy Liberal democracy is the combination of a liberal political ideology that operates under an indirect democratic form of government. It is characterized by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into diff ...

, 51,704 , 0.5 , ''0'' , 0 , 0 , 0% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:gray; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Other/Independents , style="text-align:left;", ---- , 308,106 , 3.2 , ''0'' , 3 , 3 , 2% , - class="sortbottom" , style="background-color:#E9E9E9" , align="right" , , align="left", Total , style="text-align:left;", , 9,734,513 , 100 , 102 , 48 , 150 , 100 Notes: ¹Freedom and Justice list includes candidates from the parties of the

. ²Al-Nour's list includes candidates from the parties of the Alliance for Egypt (" Islamist Bloc"). ³Preliminary results, includes all but Cairo's party-list district No. 1 (10 seats), annulled by the Higher Elections Commission, and scheduled to re-vote on 10–11 January. ⁴Includes all but two races in Cairo's district No. 1, two races in Alexandria's district No. 3, two races in Assiut district No. 2 and two races in Assiut's district No. 3 (a total of 8 seats), scheduled for a re-vote on 10–11 January.

Second phase

In the second phase, various secular parties, including the New Wafd, Adl,

, and Revolution Continues, attempted to coordinate their efforts with regard to some constituency ( bloc voting) seats. On 24 December 2011, official results were announced: , - style="background:#e9e9e9;" !class="unsortable", ! style="text-align:center;", Party ! style="text-align:center;", Ideology ! style="text-align:center;", PR Votes ! style="text-align:center;", PR Vote % ! style="text-align:center;", PR Seats¹ ! style="text-align:center;",

Seats² ! style="text-align:center;", Total Seats ! style="text-align:center;", Seat , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , align=left ,

, align="left",

Islamist , 4,058,498 , 36.3 , 35 , 36 , 71 , 48% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" ,

Islamist , 3,216,430 , 28.8 , 28 , 13 , 41 , 28% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", New Wafd , align="left" , National liberals , 1,077,244 , 9.6 , 11 , 0 , 11 , 8% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" , Liberal democrats , 785,084 , 7.0 , 8 , 0 , 8 , 6% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , style="text-align:left;", Al-Wasat , align="left" , Moderate Islamic/Liberal Democratic , 368,375 , 3.3 , 3 , 0 , 3 , 2% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Reform and Development , align="left" , Liberals , 231,713 , 2.1 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 2% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:Yellow; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", National Party of Egypt , align="left" , Former

Members , 169,662 , 1.5 , 1 , 0 , 1 , <1% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Revolution Continues , align="left" ,

, 161,594 , 1.4 , 1 , 0 , 1 , <1% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Egyptian Citizen , align="left" , Former

Members , 151,314 , 1.4 , 1 , 0 , 1 , <1% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" ,

, 139,100 , 1.2 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0% , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Democratic peace , align="left" ,

Liberal democracy Liberal democracy is the combination of a liberal political ideology that operates under an indirect democratic form of government. It is characterized by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into diff ...

, 121,694 , 1.1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:Orange; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" , Former

Members , 97,165 , 0.9 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:Black; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" ,

, 46,681 , 0.4 , 0 , 1 , 1 , <1% , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:gray; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Other/Independents , style="text-align:left;", ---- , , , 2 , 5 , 7 , 5% , - class="sortbottom" , style="background-color:#E9E9E9" , align="right" , , align="left", Total , style="text-align:left;", , 11,173,818 , , 92 , 56 , 148 , Notes: ¹ Does not include the postponed or invalidated results of Aswan, Beheira (district 2), Sohag (district 2), and Menoufia (district 1). ² Does not include the invalidated results of Shaqiya's districts 5 and 2.

Third phase

, - style="background:#e9e9e9;" !class="unsortable", ! style="text-align:center;", Party ! style="text-align:center;", Ideology ! style="text-align:center;", PR Votes ! style="text-align:center;", PR Vote % ! style="text-align:center;", PR Seats ! style="text-align:center;",

Seats ! style="text-align:center;", Total Seats ! style="text-align:center;", Seat , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , align=left , Freedom and Justice Party , align="left",

Islamist , , , 37 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" ,

Islamist , , , 29 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" , National liberals , , , 13 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" , Liberal democrats , , , 6 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Reform and Development , align="left" , Liberals , , , 4 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Revolution Continues , align="left" ,

, , , 3 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:Orange; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" , Former

Members , , , 3 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:Yellow; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", National Party of Egypt , align="left" , Former

Members , , , 2 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" width=1, , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" , Moderate Islamist/Liberal Democratic , , , 1 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" , Left-wing nationalism , , , 1 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

Union Union commonly refers to: * Trade union, an organization of workers * Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets Union may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * Union (band), an American rock group ** ''Un ...

(Hizb al-Ittihad) , align="left" , Former

Members , , , 1 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:Black; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Justice Party (Adl) , align="left" ,

, , , 0 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;",

, align="left" ,

, , , 0 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Egyptian Citizen , align="left" , Former

Members , , , 0 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , bgcolor="" style="width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Democratic peace , align="left" ,

, , , 0 , , , , - style="text-align:right;" , style="background:gray; width:1px;", , style="text-align:left;", Other , style="text-align:left;", ---- , , , 0 , , , , - class="sortbottom" , style="background-color:#E9E9E9" , align="right" , , align="left", Total , style="text-align:left;", , , , 100 , , , Source:

PR per governorate and district

The PR votes were released by the official election committee. Seats were computed by

. The official results were then released by the supreme committee of elections. Note: Vote percentage reported for "Others" and "Former

Parties" is for those parties that won seats

Violence

A day after polls closed during the second phase of election to the lower house, clashes broke out again in front of the parliament and cabinet building in Cairo between security forces and several hundred demonstrators. The demonstrators were protesting against the appointment of a new prime minister by the military council, and against the arrest and beating of one of the protesters there.

Reactions

The commander of the military police was quoted as saying that the ruling military council was not taking sides during the second phase of the election to the lower house and "stands at an equal distance" from all the political groups contesting the elections: "The army has no interest to be served by siding with liberals or the Brotherhood or leftists or others." Following reports that the FJP was likely leading in the first round of the election, with al-Nour in second place, the FJP denied it would seek an alliance with Al-Nour.

Dissolution, reinstatement decree

On 14 June 2012, the

Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt The Supreme Constitutional Court ( ar, المحكمة الدستورية العليا, ''Al Mahkama Al Dustūrīya El ‘Ulyā'') is an independent judicial body in Egypt, located in the Cairo suburb of Maadi. The Supreme Constitutional Court i ...

ruled that the election was unconstitutional, and one third of the winners were illegitimate. The ruling was due, in part, to the fact that some seats were contested on a proportional list system, while others were contested on the

first-past-the-post system In a first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP or FPP), formally called single-member plurality voting (SMP) when used in single-member districts or informally choose-one voting in contrast to ranked voting, or score voting, voters cast their ...

. As a result, the court concluded, the election law had allowed political parties to compete for seats intended for independent candidates. "The makeup of the entire chamber is illegal and, consequently, it does not legally stand", explained the court. The ruling upheld a lower court decision, which had found the election law unconstitutional. The

held the majority of the seats ruled unconstitutional. In a separate ruling issued at the same time, the court threw out the Political Exclusion Law, which banned former members of President

's regime from running for office. The court concluded the law was not based on "objective grounds", and violated "the principle of equality". The court judges had all been appointed by Mubarak. The ruling raised fears (in some) of the military trying to increase its power. The Muslim Brotherhood's popularity had decreased since the election, so new elections could result in a decrease of their seats in parliament. The dissolution of parliament creates the possibility of the panel to be tasked with writing a new constitution being appointed by the military. A politician from the Freedom and Justice Party predicted the ruling would send the country into a "dark tunnel". Other observers called the move a coup attempt and "a complete disregard for the free will of voters". In contrast,

Ahmed Shafiq Ahmed Mohamed Shafik ZakiAlso spelled: ''Shafiq''. ( ar, أحمد محمد شفيق زكى, ; born 25 November 1941) is an Egyptian politician and former presidential candidate. He was a senior commander in the Egyptian Air Force and later ser ...

, who served as Prime Minister under Mubarak, called the ruling a "historic ... verdict that meant there was no way for anyone to do particular laws for particular people". Angry protesters gathered outside the court building after the decision. Police in riot gear guarded the building. Re-institution of the parliament has since been demanded by the protesters, the Muslim Brotherhood and others.

Mohammed Morsi Mohamed Mohamed Morsi Eissa al-AyyatThe spellings of his first and last names vary. survey of 14 news organizations plus Wikipedia in July 2012 A presidential decree was released on 8 July 2012, reinstating parliament until a new one is elected and mandating that it would write the new constitution instead of the Constitutional Assembly. The decree challenges the powers claimed by the SCAF military council. The Supreme Constitutional Court called that decree into question on 9 July 2012.

References

External links

The official website of Supreme Committee for Elections

Q+A: How does Egypt's parliamentary election system work?

Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency was estab ...

, 28 November 2011. * Wael Eskandar
How Are Seat Winners Determined in the Egyptian Elections ?
adaliyya.com, 1 December 2011. {{DEFAULTSORT:2011-12 Egyptian parliamentary election Elections in Egypt

Parliamentary election A general election is a political voting election where generally all or most members of a given political body are chosen. These are usually held for a nation, state, or territory's primary legislative body, and are different from by-elections ( ...

House of Representatives (Egypt)

Annulled elections

Election and referendum articles with incomplete results

Background

New electoral law

Choosing the system

Voting process

Parties

Monitors

Opinion polls

Voter turnout

First phase

Second phase

Third phase

Results

Combined results

First phase

Second phase

Third phase

PR per governorate and district

Violence

Reactions

Dissolution, reinstatement decree

See also

References

Further reading

External links